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Nullmodem.Com
This site is a reference for folks who build their own cables, or just need a little help troubleshooting. We don't sell cables, but can refer you to some folks who do.
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PCI Express: Legacy PCI Software vs. PCI-Express Aware Software
Perhaps one of the most compelling aspects of PCI Express technology is its adherence to the legacy PCI software and configuration model. Switches and bridges that support an advanced serial protocol and operate seamlessly in systems running conventional PCI software create a large reason for the momentum
driving PCI Express. This column will illuminate which functions in PCI Express can be used in legacy PCI OS environments and which features require PCI Express-aware software.
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Intel Developer Network for PCI Express
If your business develops solutions utilizing new and exciting innovations in technology, the PCI Express* Architecture can now help you get there, faster and easier than before.
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How PCI Works
The power and speed of computer components has increased at a steady rate since desktop computers were first developed decades ago. Software makers create new applications capable of utilizing the latest advances in processor speed and hard drive capacity, while hardware makers rush to improve components and design new technologies to keep up with the demands of high-end software.
There's one element, however, that often escapes notice - the bus. Essentially, a bus is a channel or path between the components in a computer. Having a high-speed bus is as important as having a good transmission in a car. If you have a 700-horsepower engine combined with a cheap transmission, you can't get all that power to the road. There are many different types of buses. In this article, you will learn about some of those buses. We will concentrate on the bus known as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). We'll talk about what PCI is, how it operates and how it is used, and we'll look into the future of bus technology
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Information about PCI Express
Information about PCI Express:
- PCI Express Review Zone
- PCI Express Compliance Testing
- PCI Express Specifications & ECNs
- PCI Express Technical Library
- PCI Express Press Releases
- PCI Express Additional Resources
- PCI Express Logo Usage and Guidelines
- PCI-SIG Membership Benefits
- PCI Express Architecture continues to proliferate across the compute and communications industries. Learn more about ExpressCard*, the new high-speed, easy-to-use, low-cost module standard from PCMCIA.
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Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) is a trade association comprised of leaders in the telecommunications, computing, automotive, industrial automation and network industries that is driving the development of Bluetooth wireless technology, a low cost short-range wireless specification for connecting mobile devices and bringing them to market.
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Serial Communications for .NET and .NET Compact Framework
Charon.Communications is a robust, efficient, and all-purpose serial communications component for the .NET Framework and .NET Compact Framework. It is compatible with all physical and virtual serial ports on server, desktop, and mobile devices.
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HOW TO: Access Serial Ports and Parallel Ports by Using Microsoft Visual Basic .NET
This step-by-step article describes how to access serial ports and how to access parallel ports by using Microsoft Visual Basic .NET. This article also contains sample code that illustrates the concepts that are discussed in this article.
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RS232 Debuggers
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ConnectTech
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Server-Connected Hardware
RS-232 and RS-485 cards and serial/USB converters.
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A Stamp UART
This excellent article shows how to use Maxim's MAX3110E UART to add a buffered asynchronous serial port to a Basic Stamp. An Al Williams Project of the Month.
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Developer Friendly USB
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Protocols.com
Protocols.com offers a comprehensive listing of data communications protocols, their functions in respect to the OSI model, the structure of the protocol and various errors and parameters.
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PCI SIG Official PCI Vendor ID Database Search Engine
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Introduction to RS 422 & RS 485
Are you an electronics amateur, or a future professional, designing an electronics application? If it consists of several units in different places, you probably need a way for them to communicate with each other. Maybe you are interested in data transfer related topics of microprocessor and computer applications? Or, are you interested in RS 232, RS 422 and RS 485, transfer protocols, and related areas? Then, this article is right for you.
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RS232 Data Interface
RS-232 is simple, universal, well understood and supported but it has some serious shortcomings as a data interface. The standards to 256kbps or less and line lengths of 15M (50 ft) or less but today we see high speed ports on our home PC running very high speeds and with high quality cable maxim distance has increased greatly. The rule of thumb for the length a data cable depends on speed of the data, quality of the cable.
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Serial Communications in Win32
Learn how serial communications in Microsoft Win32 is significantly different from serial communications in 16-bit Microsoft Windows. This article assumes a familiarity with the fundamentals of multiple threading and synchronization in Win32. In addition, a basic understanding of the Win32 heap functions is useful to fully comprehend the memory management methods used by the Multithreaded TTY (MTTTY) sample included with this article.
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Ports and Interfaces Terms Definitions
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Using the HID class eases the job of writing USB device drivers
The USB HID class is a powerful and versatile way to get your device on the USB. If your USB device can exist within the bandwidth limits of the HID driver, then using this driver may save your sanity and your schedule. An example shows how.
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USB with the simplicity of RS-232
High Speed USB Controllers for Serial and FIFO Applications.
RS-232 was quite simplistic. While the specs defined the electrical characteristics, little was said about the protocol. RS-232 was a simple communications channel. Send a binary or ASCII byte down the wire and it gets received by the other end. This allowed RS-232 to be used effortlessly for just about anything. Most designers would develop their own protocols which sat on top of RS-232.
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USB to Serial Sample and Code
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Interfacing with a High-Speed Data Link
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A USB-CAN-Based Distributed Dual-Axis Motion Controller
During the development of automation equipment, the rapid prototyping of multiaxis designs is often required. You can use centralized controls with PC motion control cards, external amplifiers, and a tangle of wires, or utilize an existing high-cost distributed motion control system with RS-485, Ethernet, or one of the field buses (DeviceNet, CANopen, Profibus, etc.). With a highly integrated microcontroller—the PIC18F258—and power devices like the Allegro A3977/A3959, a small and inexpensive distributed motion control system was developed.
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Add a Universal Serial Bus Interface To Your Project - It's Easier Than You Think!
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USB Made Simple
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DSP-C.org
DSP-C is a set of language extensions to the ISO C programming language that allow application programmers to describe the key features of DSPs that enable efficient source code compilation fixed point data types divided memory spaces circular arrays and pointers.
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Serial Communication via RS232 Port
RS232 is the most known serial port used in transmitting the data in communication and interface. Even though serial port is harder to program than the parallel port, this is the most effective method in which the data transmission requires less wires that yields to the less cost. The RS232 is the communication line which enables the data transmission by only using three wire links. The three links provides ‘transmit’, ‘receive’ and common ground…
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General Principles of Software Validation; Final Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff
This guidance outlines general validation principles that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers to be applicable to the validation of medical device software or the validation of software used to design, develop, or manufacture medical devices. This final guidance document, Version 2.0, supersedes the draft document, General Principles of Software Validation, Version 1.1, dated June 9, 1997.
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ACCU
The ACCU is a non-profit organisation devoted to professionalism in programming at all levels. Although primarily focussed on C and C++, we also have interests in Java, C# and Python.
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IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN working group.
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IEEE 802.3 Standards
IEEE 802.3-2002 IEEE Standard for Information technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements--Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications
(An errata is available)
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Forum for Real-Time Java in Embedded Systems
The purpose of Forum for Real-Time Java in Embedded Systems is to get experience with real-time programming in Real-Time Java, construction of embedded systems in Java, and programming of Java processors, such as aJile-100.
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embedlets.org
The purpose of the Embedlets open source community is to provide a place where Embedded Systems developers of all types and Computer Science/Enterprise developers can meet in order to figure out ways to bring these areas together. It is our opinion that before the projection of 'billions of embedded systems being attached to the internet' can come true that these traditionally separate areas must be synthesized. This community realizes that there is going to need to be much 'hand holding' on both sides throughout this process but we firmly believe that this is all part of the adventure!
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AJACS - Applying Java to Automotive Control Systems
The objective of AJACS is to specify, develop and demonstrate an open technology allowing the use of Java in deeply embedded automotive control units such as engine control systems.
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Practical Embedded Java
This is the home page for a new book covering practical applications of embedded Java.
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RTSJ - The Real Time Specification
for Java
The Real-Time for JavaTM Expert Group is chartered under the Java Community Process to produce a specification for additions to the Java platform to enable Java programs to be used for real-time applications. See JSR-1 The Real-Time Specification for Java.
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Embedded Systems and Java at UCSC
The embedded systems group at UCSC is investigating programming language and operating system issues related to network appliances. These applicances can range from network computers to network routers, from pocket pagers to multifunction peripherals (e.g. fax+email+telephone), or from remote weather stations to automobile traffic monitoring devices. Our primary projects at the moment are extending Java's Jini technology to very small systems, incapable of supporting a JVM, and compiling Java to native code for embedded systems. Other projects include a port of a JVM to an embedded systems running a small OS developed specifically to support a JVM on a small embedded processor.
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Intel Serial ATA
Intel is helping lead an industry working group that has developed a new interface specification designed as a replacement for the parallel ATA interface. Known as Serial ATA, the new serial interface is designed to overcome the limitations of parallel ATA.
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Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO)
Serial ATA is an evolutionary replacement for the Parallel ATA physical storage interface. The Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) is the group responsible for developing, managing and driving adoption of the Serial ATA specifications. Users of the Serial ATA interface benefit from greater speed, simpler upgradeable storage devices and easier configuration. The SATA-IO’s goal is to drive industry adoption by defining, developing and delivering standardized specifications for the Serial ATA interface.
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Bluetooth Developers Corner
Welcome to Bluetooth Developer Corner of the D&R Web site. Here you will find details/links to IP/SoC-related Bluetooth activity
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The PCI Express Architecture and Advanced Switching
Computing and communications technologies have advanced along with changing markets, bringing these technologies together at the silicon, board and system levels. The compute industry has evolved around a standard chip-to-chip interconnect—the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) specification—while communications and embedded solutions have incorporated multiple interconnect technologies for chip-to-chip and system fabrics, often proprietary. Multiple, diverged interconnect technologies present complexities and added cost in developing next generation embedded and communications systems.
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Bluetooth Development Tools
Bluetooth Development Tools including modules, chipsets, RF and digital kits, protocol implementations and other tools.
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Advanced Switching for the PCI Express Architechture
This article examines the capabilities of the proposed Advanced Switching (AS) specification for the PCI Express architecture against all of these requirements. In addition, small sub-sections of this article (provided by Stargen*, PLX Technologies* and SandCraft*) explain how the Advanced Switching technology is expected to perform in specific communications-switching applications. A brief examination of the HyperTransport and Rapid I/O technologies is also included.
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Software Standards Manual
This Software Standards Manual sets forth standards for software development. This Manual's purpose is to ensure that we consistently deliver quality software to our clients while at the same time addressing each client's particular needs and requirements. These rules are not arbitrary, but have been proven over numerous developments to help with the following:
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The Official Bluetooth Membership Site
The Bluetooth SIG promoters include Agere, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia and Toshiba, and hundreds of Associate and Adopter member companies.
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Bluetooth Resource Center
The original and definitive internet guide to Bluetooth technology.
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How Bluetooth Works
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Linux PCI Hotplug stuff
pcihpview is a GTK+ program that displays all PCI Hotplug slots in the system and allows you to enable and disable slots, and change the attention light values.
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PCI Express and Windows
This paper provides an overview of the PCI Express interface and describes how PCI Express is supported on the current Microsoft® Windows® family of operating systems. It also provides information for system manufacturers, firmware engineers, and driver developers to create systems and hardware that will take full advantage of the support for PCI Express planned for inclusion in future versions of the Windows operating system, including Windows codenamed “Longhorn.”
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The PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Bus
This file is not intended to be a thorough coverage of the PCI standard. It is for informational purposes only, and is intended to give designers and hobbyists an overview of the bus so that they might be able to design
their own PCI cards. Thus, I/O operations are explained in the most detail, while memory operations, which will usually not be dealt with by an I/O card, are only briefly explained. Hobbyists are also warned that, due to the higher clock speeds involved, PCI cards are more difficult to design than ISA cards or cards for other slower busses. Many companies are now making PCI prototyping cards, and, for those fortunate enough to have access to FPGA programmers, companies like Xilinx are offering PCI compliant designs which you can use as a starting point for your own projects.
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PCI Local Bus Technical Summary
The PCI Local Bus is a high performance bus for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and processor/memory subsystems. It originated at Intel in the early 1990s as a standard method of interconnecting chips on a board. It was later adopted as an industry standard administered by the PCI Special Interest Group, or "PCI SIG". Under the PCI SIG the definition of PCI was extended to define a standard expansion bus interface connector for add-in boards.
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PCI-X 2.0: High Performance, Backward Compatible PCI for the Future
PCI-X 2.0 is a new, higher speed version of the conventional PCI standard, which supported signaling speeds up to 533 megatransfers per second (MTS). Revision 1.0 of the PCI-X specification defined PCI-X 66 and PCI-X 133 devices that transferred data up to 133 MTS, or over 1Gbyte per second for a 64-bit device. The present revision adds two new speed grades: PCI-X 266 and PCI-X 533, offering up to 4.3 gigabytes per second of bandwidth, 32 times faster than the first generation of PCI. Another major feature of the PCI-X 2.0 specification is enhanced system reliability. ECC support has been added both for the header and payload, providing automatic single-bit error recovery and double-bit error detection. These new standards keep pace with upcoming advances in high-bandwidth business-critical applications such as Fibre Channel, RAID, networking, InfiniBand™ Architecture, SCSI, and iSCSI.
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Plug and Play/PCI
A system intended to make fitting of expansion cards easier (yes, really!). In this context, ISA cards are known as Legacy Cards, and are switched as normal to make them fit in. Have as few of these as possible, as accesses to them are slow. With Concurrent PCI, The T II (or 430HX/VX) chipset's Multi Transaction Timer allows multiple transfers in one PCI request, by reducing re-arbitration when several PCI processes can take place at once. Passive Release allows the PCI bus to continue working when it's receiving data from ISA devices, which would normally hog the bus. Delayed Transaction allows PCI bus masters to work by delaying transmissions to ISA cards. Write merging combines byte, word and Dword cycles into a single write to memory.
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Bus and I/O Standards
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Multi-Protocol USB: An All-Serial Data Acquisition System - No Microcontroller Required!
Multi-Protocol USB: An All-Serial Data Acquisition System - No Microcontroller Required!
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Bluetooth Development
Directory for Bluetooth development includes antennas, modules, single chip, components, semiconductors, Evaluation, Starter, Reference Design Kits, Wireless distributors, solutions, services, turnkey, reference designs, Bluetooth testing, qualification and certification services.
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USB 2.0 Specification
Universal Serial Bus Revision 2.0 specification provides the technical details to understand USB requirements and design USB compatible products (Updated 12/21/2000). Modifications to the USB specification are made through Engineering Change Notices (ECNs). Download a zip file with the following documents:
- The Original USB 2.0 specification released on April 27, 2000
- Errata to the USB 2.0 specification as of December 7, 2000
- Mini-B connector Engineering Change Notice to the USB 2.0 specification.
- Pull-up/pull-down Resistors Engineering Change Notice to the USB 2.0 specification.
- Errata to the USB 2.0 specification as of May 28, 2002
- Revision 1.0a of the USB On-The-Go Supplement as of July 9, 2003
- Interface Association Descriptor Engineering Change Notice to the USB 2.0 specification.
- Rounded Chamfer Engineering Change Notice to the USB 2.0 specification as of October 8, 2003
- Unicode Engineering Change Notice to the USB 2.0 specification as of February 21, 2005
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Understanding USB On-The-Go
USB's days as a host-centric bus are numbered. USB On-the-Go technology will soon enable USB peripherals to communicate without a host PC. The new capabilities will extend to a raft of consumer products what is already becoming the PC world's most popular external bus.
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Walter Oney
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Microcontrollers.com
Resources for embedded systems professionals
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Michael Barr's Embedded Systems Glossary
Embedded Systems Glossary
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Embedded Developers Pages
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eg3.com
Embedded system portal and magazine
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Mathtools.net
Links exchange for the technical computing community
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Intel Hardware Design
Intel technical resource center for hardware designers and evelopers
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O'reilly
Computer books, conferences, online publishing
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Sysinternals web site
The Sysinternals web site provides you with advanced utilities, technical information, and source code related to Windows NT/2000/XP/2K3 and Windows 9x, Windows Me internals that you won't find anywhere else. Mark Russinovich and Bryce Cogswell alone write and update everything here.
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Open Systems Resources (OSR)
OSR dedicates its team of experts to serve a worldwide client base that seeks knowledge and assistance with the "guts" of the Windows operating system. We specialize in Windows device driver and file system training, development, and consulting. Check out one of our cutting-edge seminars coming soon to your town.
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Bit-Bang USB: Perhaps The Easiest USB Interface Yet!
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How PCI Works
PCI Express - as processor speeds steadily climb in the GHz range, many companies are working feverishly to develop a next-generation bus standard. Many feel that PCI, like ISA before it, is fast approaching the upper limit of what it can do.
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Open Source Tutorials and Projects
Resources for open source development and implementation
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USBMan
Free USB and USB 2.0 Help, Information, Tips, Tricks, Troubleshooting and Forum Board.
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USB in a NutShell
Making sense of the USB standard - Starting out new with USB can be quite daunting. With the USB 2.0 specification at 650 pages one could easily be put off just by the sheer size of the standard. This is only the beginning of a long list of associated standards for USB. There are USB Class Standards such as the HID Class Specification which details the common operation of devices (keyboards, mice etc) falling under the HID (Human Interface Devices) Class - only another 97 pages. If you are designing a USB Host, then you have three Host Controller Interface Standards to choose from. None of these are detailed in the USB 2.0 Spec.
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Beyond Logic
Resources on various technologies.
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Linux USB Project
The information on this web site mostly revolves around the kernel USB stack originally coded by Linus - Kernel USB stack (aka Linus' Alternative USB stack). This stack was originally developed by Linus Torvalds as an alternative USB stack for Linux. Since his original announcement, many other people have submitted patches to fix various bugs and add support for other features and was first introduced into the main kernel tree with kernel v2.2.7.
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USB Central: Information, tools, and links to material about the Universal Serial Bus (USB)
This page has links to information and code for USB developers.
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Jan Axelson's Lakeview Research
The developer's resource for computer interfacing, especially Ethernet and Internet communications for embedded systems, USB, parallel port, and RS-232 and RS-485 serial communications. Plus info about 8052-Basic microcontrollers and making printed-circuit boards.
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Universal Serial Bus (USB) Information
The Universal Serial Bus is an astonishingly useful way to connect large numbers of peripherals together. It is becoming increasingly important in today's electronics world. On this page, we provide basic information on USBs, links to more USB resources, and book references.
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PoweredUSB.org
Since 2001, this site has been dedicated to bringing you up-to-date information about PoweredUSB, RetailUSB & USB PlusPower technology and their products. PoweredUSB™ is an enhanced USB connection with added pins for more power to the attached peripheral. PoweredUSB™ is fully compliant with USB standard 1.1 and 2.0 yet offers capabilities that exceed those standards.
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Everything USB
The four trademark-protected logos are used in conjunction with USB products which have passed the rigid compliance tests provided by the USB Promoter Group. To avoid getting confused by the speed of a device, consumers are advised to look for Hi-Speed USB, USB, Hi-Speed USB OTG or USB OTG logo on retail boxes. On March 2005, the USB Promoter Group released a new Wireless USB logo that serves the same purpose; Wireless USB traveling on UWB will operate at top speed of 480Mbps.
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USB-2-0.com
Great Prices on High Speed USB 2.0 Products: Hard Drive Enclosures, External Hard Drive, CD-RW/DVD Drives, USB 2.0 PCI Card/PCMCIA CardBUS, Adapter, Networking, Hub, Scanner, Adapter, Web Cam, and Flash Readers.
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A PCI links Page with Plenty of PCI links
This page is primarily intended as an engineering resource for people who need to deal with computers built around the PCI bus. It's reason for being is that there is no centralized database of PCI device design info. This database is entirely user-supported; all the data has been, and continues to be, furnished by those working in the PCI market.
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C / C++ Resources
Links to C / C++ resources, tutorials, etc
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Linux.org
Linux is a free Unix-type operating system originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers around the world. Developed under the GNU General Public License , the source code for Linux is freely available to everyone. Click on the link below to find out more about the operating system that is causing a revolution in the world of computers
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Wireless USB Promoter Group
The Wireless USB Promoter Group was formed to create a new wireless extension to USB that combines the speed and security of wired technology with the ease-of-use of wireless technology. The Promoter Group will speed time to market and ensure rapid consumer adoption by preserving and extending the investment in the existing USB device and class driver infrastructure. Broad industry participation in the Promoter Group demonstrates the multi-vendor support of the technology and will ensure interoperability of Wireless USB devices. The original USB principles of ease-of-use, compatibility, and low cost continue to influence every design decision made by the group.
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USB Market Trends Report
In cooperation with the USB On-The-Go working group, Tech Idea International has conducted a comprehensive market research and the results will be published in the all-new USB On-The-Go Technology and Market Report 2003.
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Mission Possible: Achieve Cheap USB Connectivity
Exorbitant USB licensing fees and the high price of analysis tools have denied many of you access to the USB marketplace. A champion of the individual designer, Fred is on a mission to prove that it’s possible to achieve personal USB connectivity without breaking the bank.
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The eyes have it
Though low in cost, USB 2.0 and IEEE 1394 transfer data serially over many feet at 400 Mbps and more. But the protocols' complexity and signal-integrity requirements make verifying compliance and interoperability exacting work.
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Inside USB 2.0: what the new spec means for developers
Is updating to 2.0 worth it? USB-peripheral designers need to know what changes in the spec mean and how the interface handles the challenge of supporting higher data rates while still allowing low- and full-speed devices on the bus.
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USB Debug Tips
USB is a flexible, high-speed replacement for serial and parallel ports. But flexible also means complicated-it's much harder to debug a USB design and qualify your product's compliance.
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Microsoft ExpressCard - Architecture and Driver Support
ExpressCard is the standard for PC modular expansion for desktop and mobile systems, as developed by Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA).
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Microsoft CardBus - Architecture and Driver Support
Microsoft® Windows® operating systems support PC Card socket controllers, 16-bit PC Card I/O cards (sometimes referred to as PCMCIA cards), and CardBus I/O cards. Memory 16-bit PC Card cards are supported only as legacy devices.
For any PC Card device to work effectively with Windows operating systems, the manufacturer must implement a minimum set of tuples documented in the PC Card Standard. The operating system uses these tuples to identify and configure any 16-bit PC Card device, and it might also use these tuples for CardBus devices.
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Microsoft PCI and PCI Express - Architecture and Driver Support
The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) architecture has become the most common method used to extend PCs for add-on adapters. Microsoft® Windows® 32-bit operating systems use the basic PCI infrastructure to gain information about devices attached to the PCI bus. PCI Express advances low-cost, scalable computing for the next generation of computing platforms.
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Microsoft IEEE 1394 - Architecture and Driver Support
The IEEE 1394 high-speed serial bus and an IP capable network provides enhanced PC connectivity to a range of consumer electronics audio/video (A/V) appliances, storage peripherals, printers, scanner, other PCs, and portable devices.
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Microsoft USB Architechture
USB provides an expandable, hot-pluggable Plug and Play serial interface that ensures a standard, low-cost connection for peripheral devices such as keyboards, mice, joysticks, printers, scanners, storage devices, modems, and video conferencing cameras. Migration to USB is recommended for all peripheral devices that use legacy ports such as the PS/2, serial, and parallel ports.
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USB Drivers provided with Windows
These are the USB drivers I'm aware of that were added to each edition of Windows. Except as noted, the newer editions have all of the drivers from the previous editions.
Details about the drivers are available at Windows Hardware and Driver Central, the Windows DDK/MSDN documentation, and in the example code provided with the DDKs. I've eliminated most of the direct links to Microsoft's documentation because the URLs change frequently. A search on the listed topic should point you to relevant pages. Also useful are the class specifications available from the USB Implementers Forum.
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USB Chips
Links to USB Host and Device Controller Chips
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LinuxDevices
News, articles and resources on Embedded Linux.
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An introduction to Wireless USB (WUSB)
This technical whitepaper by Rafael Kolic, a technology marketing manager in Intel's Corporate Technology Group, introduces Wireless USB (WUSB) and explains how it will impact device performance and mobility. The latest iteration of USB technology, WUSB will offer the same functionality as standard wired USB devices -- but without the cabling.
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The Linux Programmer's Guide
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